Converting mechanical energy into electrical energy in the nanometer scale

April 13, Beijing — In a groundbreaking development reported in the April 14 issue of *Science*, Professor Wang Zhonglin from the Georgia Institute of Technology in the U.S. unveiled a revolutionary breakthrough: the world’s smallest generator, capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy at the nanoscale. This innovation, called the “nano-generator,” has sparked widespread excitement in the scientific community. Charles Lieber, a renowned professor of nanotechnology at Harvard University, praised the research, stating, “This paper presents an extremely exciting solution to a critical challenge in nanotechnology — how to power nanodevices for various applications. Professor Wang’s use of zinc oxide nanowires to convert mechanical energy into electricity demonstrates remarkable ingenuity.” Liu Jun, a material scientist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, described the achievement as a major milestone, saying, “This is a significant breakthrough with profound and far-reaching implications for the field of nanotechnology.” Wang Zhonglin, currently in Beijing, shared his enthusiasm with *Science Times*, saying, “This is the most exciting invention I’ve made in over a decade of research in this field. It represents one of the most important discoveries in the international nano-field and will surely spark a new wave of interest in nano-power research.” As the director of the Georgia Institute of Technology and a professor of engineering, Wang also serves as the director of the Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology at Peking University, as well as the overseas director of the China National Nanoscience Center. The research was conducted in collaboration with his doctoral student, Song Jinhui. Nanodevices, due to their small size, low power consumption, and high responsiveness, have always been a hot topic in nanotechnology. However, for these devices to function effectively, they must be powered. True nanosystems require self-contained power sources, especially since many are designed to be implanted in the human body. Current research has largely focused on the devices themselves, often neglecting the challenge of providing them with energy. Wang Zhonglin recognized this gap and proposed an innovative idea: could the energy generated by the human body, such as movement or breathing, be converted into usable electrical energy for nanodevices? He envisioned a miniature device that could harness biological energy, making both the device and its power source fully miniaturized. Using the unique properties of vertically aligned zinc oxide nanowires, Wang and Song developed a nanogenerator capable of converting mechanical energy into electricity under an atomic force microscope. This device is the smallest power generation system ever created. Wang explained that the piezoelectric effect — a phenomenon where certain materials generate electric charges under mechanical stress — plays a key role. Zinc oxide nanowires, which can be easily bent, produce polarization charges when compressed or stretched. Their wurtzite structure gives them both semiconductor and piezoelectric properties, enabling them to store electrical energy temporarily. By using a conductive atomic force microscope probe, the researchers applied mechanical energy to a single nanowire, then used its semiconductor properties to couple with its piezoelectric effect, storing the energy and transferring it to the outside world. This process achieved efficient power generation at the nanoscale. Wang noted, “More importantly, this nano-generator achieves up to 30% energy efficiency, laying a solid foundation for the development of self-powered nanodevices.” This discovery marks a major step forward in the quest for sustainable, miniaturized power solutions in the nanotechnology field.

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